Compute all the associated Legendre functions up to a maximum degree and order.

## Usage

plm = legendre (lmax, z, [normalization, csphase, cnorm, packed])

## Returns

plm : float, dimension (lmax+1, lmax+1) or ((lmax+1)*(lmax+2)/2)
An array of associated Legendre functions, plm[l, m], where l and m are the degree and order, respectively. If packed is True, the array is 1-dimensional with the index corresponding to l\*(l+1)/2+m.

## Parameters

lmax : integer
The maximum degree of the associated Legendre functions to be computed.
z : float
The argument of the associated Legendre functions.
normalization : str, optional, default = ‘4pi’
‘4pi’, ‘ortho’, ‘schmidt’, or ‘unnorm’ for use with geodesy 4pi normalized, orthonormalized, Schmidt semi-normalized, or unnormalized spherical harmonic functions, respectively.
csphase : optional, integer, default = 1
If 1 (default), the Condon-Shortley phase will be excluded. If -1, the Condon-Shortley phase of (-1)^m will be appended to the associated Legendre functions.
cnorm : optional, integer, default = 0
If 1, the complex normalization of the associated Legendre functions will be used. The default is to use the real normalization.
packed : optional, bool, default = False
If True, return a 1-dimensional packed array with the index corresponding to l\*(l+1)/2+m, where l and m are respectively the degree and order.

## Description

legendre will calculate all of the associated Legendre functions up to degree lmax for a given argument. The Legendre functions are used typically as a part of the spherical harmonic functions, and three parameters determine how they are defined. normalization can be either ‘4pi’ (default), ‘ortho’, ‘schmidt’, or ‘unnorm’ for use with 4pi normalized, orthonormalized, Schmidt semi-normalized, or unnormalized spherical harmonic functions, respectively. csphase determines whether to include or exclude (default) the Condon-Shortley phase factor. cnorm determines whether to normalize the Legendre functions for use with real (default) or complex spherical harmonic functions.

By default, the routine will return a 2-dimensional array, p[l, m]. If the optional parameter packed is set to True, the output will instead be a 1-dimensional array where the indices correspond to l\*(l+1)/2+m. The Legendre functions are calculated using the standard three-term recursion formula, and in order to prevent overflows, the scaling approach of Holmes and Featherstone (2002) is utilized. The resulting functions are accurate to about degree 2800. See Wieczorek and Meschede (2018) for exact definitions on how the Legendre functions are defined.

## References

Holmes, S. A., and W. E. Featherstone, A unified approach to the Clenshaw summation and the recursive computation of very high degree and order normalised associated Legendre functions, J. Geodesy, 76, 279-299, doi:10.1007/s00190-002-0216-2, 2002.

Wieczorek, M. A., and M. Meschede. SHTools — Tools for working with spherical harmonics, Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 19, 2574-2592, doi:10.1029/2018GC007529, 2018.